Chapter IV. Croydon, Elliott and Ardley: 

and the Durnford Sisters 

Thirty years ago this (Torquay) was a mere fishing village, containing half a dozen straggling huts along the beach, with a rude pier of loose rocks to shelter the miserable craft

This was the description used by the writer of The Teignmouth, Dawlish, and Torquay Guide published in 1830[i]. Torquay had, indeed, gone through some sort of metamorphosis and was beginning to take on the appearance of a small town. Over the next 10 years it would increase in size and importance to overtake all other watering places in Devon.

Maxted has charted Torquay´s progress through representation in topographical prints. The results are astounding. Whereas in the period to 1800 not one print depicting the cove is recorded, by 1876 no other town or tourist site in Devon had been illustrated so often. Between 1800 and 1810 Exeter and Plymouth led the field, with 20 prints published for each in that decade as well as accumulatively 44 and 56 respectively between 1636 and 1799. In the next two decades Sidmouth took the lead through the work of Wallis at his Library. But from 1840 Torquay stands out as providing the most views with 124 images published 1840-49 alone or one sixth of all Devon prints.

This growth reflects Torquay´s importance as a health spa: from the beginning much emphasis was placed on the benefits of its climate and charts of temperature fluctuations were frequently included in the tourist guides. As it expanded, more tourists came, typically convalescents to begin with, and services expanded to keep up with demand. This is also reflected in the number of booksellers and printers, although this number stayed comparatively low.

In Blewitt´s Panorama the various booksellers etc are listed as:

Cockrem, E. (Printer to his Majesty)[ii]  5, Mill street, opposite the Lower Terrace.

Cole, P. Lawrence Place.

Croydon, - adjoining Poulton´s Hotel.

Luscombe, R. near the Commercial Inn [in Market Street]. 

 

Fig. 1: View of Torquay Harbour from Croydon's Torquay Guide.

In the Croydon view of 1841 (Fig. 1), the viewer sees over the rear of the row of buildings on Vaughan Parade and across to Victoria Parade which led one to the harbour and to the hill leading to Park Hill Road. Croydon had moved from Poulton´s Hotel (now Webb´s) to No. 10 Victoria Parade by 1848 when Hunt´s Directory appeared. There were now several other booksellers besides Cockrem, Croydon and Peggy Cole, although none of these also ran circulating libraries.

Daniel Ardley, primarily a hairdresser (see below) was listed as Bookseller and Stationer

William Elliott at 1 Vaughan Parade (see below),

William Hall at 21 Lower Union Street,

Ann and Jane Jago on Market Street,

William Poulton also at Lawrence Place (No. 3),

Grace Richards (stationer) at 93 Lower Union Street,

and two printers who also did business as booksellers and stationers were John Robinson in Paignton and William Stark at 8, Braddon´s Row. 

By 1850 when White´s Directory of Torquay appeared the scene had expanded again: with John Laskey Narracott registered as both bookseller and stationer but also bookbinder and B T Wreford had possibly joined William Stark at 8 Braddon´s Row. The biggest omission is that of Peggy Cole´s library which has now ceased operation.

Three of these booksellers are associated with engravings of the Durnford Sisters: Edward Croydon, William Elliott and Daniel Ardley.

 

Edward Croydon

Edward Cockrem´s main rival throughout his career would have been the Croydons. Among the first Devon publishers to publicly make use of the Ordnance Survey maps were the Croydons of Teignmouth and Torquay. In 1817 Edward Croydon printed and sold a most attractive guide book of south Devon.[iii] A Guide to the Watering Places, on the Coast, Between the Exe and the Dart; Including Teignmouth, Dawlish, and Torquay, embellished with a general view of Teignmouth and Dawlish, and the various seats around them, with a short description of the neighborhood.… consisted of sixteen highly attractive aquatints. One of these depicted the Croydon´s premises in Teignmouth.[iv]

Edward Croydon was possibly the son of John Northam Croydon and Anne; if so, he was baptised in Totnes on 13th December 1784. He married Sally Warren on 3rd January 1807 at West Teignmouth according to a mention in the Exeter Flying Post of the 8th. They had at least 7 children: Helen (1810), Sally (1811), Jessey (1814), Edward (1816), Eliza Mary (1819), George Henry (1820) and Maria Louisa (1822) all born at East Teignmouth^[v]. Edward was printer, bookseller, publisher, stationer, engraver, ran a print and music warehouse as well as managing a circulating library^[vi]. Throughout his career he was associated with premises at Regent Place and is listed in many directories from c.1823.

Fig. 2: View of Croydon´s Public Library from Croydon's Teignmouth Guide.

Croydon’s may have been established as early as 1806. Their library, built in Regency Gothic style, opened in June 1815 and survived to 1990 as W H Smith's newsagents (Fig. 2). The library kept the London and Exeter papers and prior to the official publication of The Teignmouth Arrival List a listing was kept at the library for consultation. Edward published his Guide to Watering Places in 1817 and began publishing prints c.1820^[vii] and a Billiard Room followed in 1830. He began trading as Edward Croydon and Son c.1850; and as Edward and George Henry Croydon 1852-1862 and together they published the Teignmouth Gazette. In common with many printers and publishers Edward had many functions and was also an agent for Eagle Insurance, examiner of weights and measures & clerk to magistrates 1848-1857, and water bailiff for the manor of Kenton 1848.[viii]

He also published books of views, e.g., Views in South Devon (JVSC S.65) c. 1821; and of Teignmouth in sets of four or more (JVSC S. 92), with aquatints by W Read after L E Reed c. 1825 (see below). If Cockrem earned most of his income through printing, then the Croydons most likely had a good turnover selling prints, many printed and/or published by Edward senior in Teignmouth.

Works not involving prints printed and / or published by the Croydons are few and far between and tend to be between 1840 and 1860: William Robert Brownlow´s Walks at Templecombe: or, scenes in the history of Constantia and Fanny was a work of fiction which was also published by Hamilton, Adams & Co., and Whittaker & Co. in London in 1840.[ix] In 1848, Henry Phillpotts (Bishop of Exeter) had A sermon preached by the Right Reverend the Lord Bishop of Exeter at St. John's Torquay, on Sunday the 26th Nov. 1848. On occasion of a Collection for the Devonport and Plymouth Spiritual-Destitution-Relief-Fund published. 

Works specifically published by Edward Croydon in Torquay are also comparatively rare. Lawrence Palk wrote a poetical work entitled, The hunt of the pilgrim and Sir Courtenay Carew : a tale of dread and this was illustrated by Rev. John Parlby (1857). Robert Stewart`s Handbook of the Torquay flora : comprising the flowering plants and ferns growing in and around Torquay was published in 1861 and helps to date the second edition of Croydon`s Handbook for Torquay. One devotional work seems to be J Dicker`s A godmother's address to her godson : with miscellaneous papers  by a female member of the Church of England. This was published in Torquay at Croydon's Royal Library (1861). Another work simultaneously published in London, this time by Whittaker & Co., was Ye Book of Sense, an illustrated collection of limericks each set below a comical illustration (1850).

Illustrated works and guide books

Although all title pages to the first printing of Watering Places are dated 1817, at least seven of the views included are dated June 15 1818 suggesting the title page was issued with the first instalment and bound in after the series was completed. The text to this work was enlarged and appeared again in 1830 in The Teignmouth, Dawlish, And Torquay Guide suggesting that the original text was written by N T Carrington (see below). Croydon also published The Natural History of the District by W Turton & J F Kingston which lists the different species of flora, fauna and minerals of Devon and is believed to be Part II of Watering Places circa 1820.

William Bonneau Noble (1780-1831), who executed the drawings for the Watering Places, was a landscape painter in water-colours who began life as a teacher of drawing. For some years he was very successful, but although he had two views in the exhibition of 1811, he became dejected and after failing to commit suicide in 1825, he finally died of decline in 1831.

A slim volume followed circa 1826: The Teignmouth Guide containing a Description of the Town which was reissued until circa 1864 and which included a small map Reduced from the Ordnance Grand Map by W Read of King St., Covent Garden, London. George Henry Croydon was born in East Teignmouth where he was baptised 5th October 1820. He also became a printer, working in Teignmouth from his father's address at Regent Place from c.1848. The two Croydons were trading as Edward and George Henry Croydon and published the guide together from about 1848 to 1862. However, this does not seem to have been true for their map publications. The Teignmouth, Dawlish, and Torquay Guide from 1830 used the identical text on Devon but was a revised version of this.

The Plan of Teignmouth (cf Croydon 4) published precisely during this period is only Published by Edward Croydon. George Henry was also Clerk to Magistrates from 1848 to 1866[x]. He was Clerk to the Deputy Lieutenant for Totnes or Bridgetown Division 1848 and County in 1866. He represented the Atlas insurance company.[xi]

It was another Edward, fourth child and eldest son of Edward Senior, who chose not to remain in Teignmouth but opened his own business in Torquay. He was born in East Teignmouth and baptised there on 12th May 1816. He also worked as a printer, stationer, bookbinder, librarian, music seller and, like his father, ran a Berlin repository (1840).^[xii]

Edward Croydon senior gave the Ordnance Survey as source for his map material in both Watering Places and in The Teignmouth Guide. This latter appeared in 1826 but was reissued later as The Teignmouth, Dawlish, And Torquay Guide with an account of the surrounding neighbourhood and, as such, was one of the earliest guides conforming to a modern-day format (see JVSC S.95). Probably written by Nicholas Toms Carrington (whose name is on the cover, but together with others), it was published by Edward Croydon. This volume included lithographic views as well as the map ‘By Special Permission from the Right Hon'ble the Board of Ordnance' engraved by W Read. The book was also sold by C and J Rivington, Baldwin and Co. in London, by Gore in Dawlish and by Cole and Luscombe in Torquay.

N T Carrington was a poet and local historian. His work The Banks of the Tamar; a Poem: with after pieces was published by John Murray in 1823 and was frequently republished. Dartmoor: A Descriptive Poem, a further poetic work was also published by John Murray, 1826 (JVSC S.80) with etchings by P H Rogers. One critic suggested that Carrington's verse is a bit on the heavy side, but his notes are fascinating snippets of local history.

W Read, who engraved the small map for the Teignmouth Guide, was a line and stipple engraver of portraits, landscapes as well as topographical views after his contemporaries.[xiii] He produced a number of other engravings for Croydon and these found their way into a small booklet of 4 (or more) aquatints by Read after L E Reed and published by Croydon c.1825; and he also produced 4 or more aquatints after T E Chapman for Aquatint Views of Dawlish published by Jane Gore and J Knighton in Dawlish, c. 1828.[xiv]

The same map, but with a new title, was included in a “companion” volume on Torquay first published in 1841 (in Torquay by Edward junior). It had the same size and format as the Teignmouth Guide, above. The Torquay Guide seems to have appeared only in 3 editions, while its older brother was finally published in a 16^th edition in about 1864 (all editions after 1848 in Teignmouth by E and G H Croydon).

Fig. 3: View of Torquay from the Pier from Croydon's Torquay Guide. 

Croydon´s Handbook to Torquay and its Neighbourhood appeared in 1854 (Fig. 3). It was only slightly revised once and reissued circa 1860. This guide included a new, specially prepared, map. It was probably as a response to this that Edward Cockrem published his first Torquay guide. Some copies of Croydon´s later edition (which was undated) have been seen with a new set of engravings not listed by Somers Cocks.

As we have already seen, Croydon had prints of the Durnford Sisters, the Alphington Ponies executed, probably before 1851 and before they returned to Exeter. The first was that used by Sabine Baring-Gould to illustrate his accounts of the sisters: the second was a view from the back. Published at Croydon´s Circulating Library, 10 Victoria Parade, Torquay, it must have been a companion to the view Baring-Gould had copied. Unlike Cockrem´s view, there is no sign of Croydon´s Library in either of the two views.

 

Fig. 4: The Alphington Ponies from behind by Croydon (detail). 

For a list of Croydon´s prints – click here. 

Daniel Pettikin Ardley

Views of the two sisters are comparatively rare and I have only come across half a dozen examples. Daniel Pettikin Ardley^[xv] of Torquay published and sold a small vignette illustration of the sisters about this time. Ardley´s premises were at 12 Braddon´s Row and he is listed in both Hunt & Co.´s Directory & Topography of 1848[xvi] and in White´s Directory of 1850. In the former work he is listed twice: once as Bookseller and Stationer; and once as Hair Dresser and Perfumer. There is an advert for his services which reads (Fig. 5): D. ARDLEY, (From Mr. Holmes', Mount Street, Grosvenor Square, London,) HAIR CUTTER, PERFUMER, STATIONER & BOOKSELLER, 12, BRADDON'S ROW, TORQUAY. SOLE AGENT FOR KAYE'S WORSDELL'S PILLS. In Kelly´s 1856 directory he is also listed as Ardley Daniel, hairdresser & stationer, Fleet street.  

Fig. 5: Advert in Hunt & Co.´s Directory & Topography

Maxted^[xvii] notes that Ardley flourished between1848-1856 and only one work is actually credited to Ardley; 12 steel engraved vignettes published circa 1870 as Views of Torquay. However, this should probably read 1848-1870 and the book of views may have been one of his last “publishing” ventures before handing the business over to his son. Daniel Pettikin died in 1898 according to the Torquay Times and South Devon Advertiser. He had been living in London for 20 years since handing over to his son, Daniel.

Two stories concerning Daniel made their way into the newspapers illustrating how difficult it was for traders in late Victorian England with petty justice. In 1878 Mr. D … Ardley, hairdresser and perfumer of Fleet Street, was summoned for permitting his chimney to be on fire.  In 1890 he was fined the obligatory 6 Guineas for a contravention of the bye-laws of the Local Board, by having his shop blinds below the height required.

It is worth noting that five vignette views attributed directly or indirectly to Ardley found their way into a manuscript scrapbook, Drives in and about Torquay, kept by H M A in 1863-64. H. M. A. was Harriette Matilda Armytage, the daughter of Sir George Armytage, 5th Baronet (1819-1899).^[xviii] She spent some time in Torquay and accumulated copious engravings and compiled three scrapbooks of her convalescence.

Book 1, Page 1; View of Waldon Hill & Sulyard Terrace. Imprint (below title): Published by D Ardley. Imprints: (left below vignette) A Cowen & Sons, Cannon St. West. and No. 447 (right below view). (Not in Somers Cocks).

Book 1, Page 13; Cockington Church, near Torquay. Imprint (below title): Published by D Ardley. (Variation of Somers Cocks SC0398 ascribed to Rock & Co., No. 1137).

Book 1, Page 37; Chapel Hill Torquay. Imprints: (left below vignette) Rock & Co. London. No. 1490 and Published by D Ardley, 1st 1850 (right below view). (Variation of Somers Cocks SC3324 bearing Ardley´s imprint within view).

Book 2, Page 03; Abbey Crescent, Torquay. Imprints: (left below vignette) Rock & Co. London. No. 4413 and 1 Nov 1861 (right below view). Imprint (below title):  Published by D Ardley, Torquay. (Variation of Somers Cocks SC3069).

Book 2, Page 09; Torr Church, Devon Torquay. Imprint (below view right): Published by D Ardley, Torquay*. (Not in Somers Cocks).

Ardley was one of many traders in seaside resorts who was encouraged to have a stock of Rock & Co. vignettes or, more likely, small books of 6, 12 or 20 views bound together and with the proprietor´s name printed on the cover. While several others of this nature have been seen for Torquay, e.g., both Cockrem and J Harris of Torquay were selling the same views by Kershaw etc. in booklets of 20 views with their own imprint. Ardley´s Views of Torquay were 12 of the same batch. Similar sets of Rock & Co. views were printed and sold by C Way or by M C Oldrey of 1 Strand.[xix]

Two of the above views (*) have Ardley´s imprint below the vignette and not below the title as usual. One further view must have been executed before 1850: an engraving of the Durnford Sisters.

Fig. 6: Vignette style view of the Durnford Sisters by Ardley of Torquay

Ardley´s illustration of the sisters measures 67 x 78 mm and the dealer who offered it attributed the engraving to Rock & Co. As they had produced two of the five Ardley engravings included in the Armytage collection, this would make sense (Fig. 6). The company of Rock & Co were the foremost producers of views at the time and had a west country connection. Rather sweetly, the image was sent to a friend tipped onto part of a contemporary humorous letter dated July 20th 1849. It begins: "you will perceive that the accompanying engravings supply the representation of two remarkable ladies - so that, if William is not really fixed, now is the time for him to make his choice."

William Elliott

As we have already seen, William Elliott had a certain connection with Edward Cockrem. There were rumours of a partnership in 1834 which did not materialise although two jointly published books of views did appear in 1841. William Elliott had been an apprentice to Lazarus Congdon of Plymouth Dock and was registered first at (1) Vaughan Parade (1840-1855) and later at 2, Lawrence Place (1856). He was proprietor of the Torquay Chronicle from 1856. Somers Cocks dates one engraving of Watcombe near Torquay by Smart and published by Elliott to 1830 making it his earliest recorded work (3357) but Elliott is reported to have not begun his business before 1837 in a conversation with William Pengelly.

Be that as it may, a joint work published by Cockrem and Elliott was A Guide to Torquay which appeared under their combined imprint in 1841. This guide, containing general history and explanation of the panorama from Park Hill, contains one of the most attractive of Devon "maps". It is actually a 360° panorama of the view seen from Park Hill over the bay at Torquay. A further nine vignettes illustrate this charming, but fairly small work. The text explained the attractions visible.

A further example pointing to some cooperation was Scenery of Torquay and Babbicombe. This was published in Torquay by Cockrem, Elliott and Barrett and in London by R Ackermann in the same year, 1841. This was a set of five lithographs by W. Gauci after T C Dibdin and E Vivian. Views of Torquay. .[xx]

Elliott published one further map of Torquay about the same time as the small guide book appeared. Some time prior to the arrival of the railway in 1848 he published a map A New Map Of The Environs of Torquay which was executed by E W Gribble as architect and Lewis of Exeter as engraver. Edward Wynne Gribble may have been the architect of Barton Hall (1830s) and of Bishopstowe (which later became the Palace Hotel) in 1841 for the then Bishop of Exeter, Henry Phillpotts. Gribble’s address was 8 Park Place, Torquay. 

At some time before 1866 Leonard Seeley became the proprietor at 2, Lawrence Place, presumably taking over Elliott’s business.[xxi] Elliott´s output was small: he seems to have published one further guide book: History and description of the ruins of Berry Pomeroy Castle, Devon. 1848. This had just one folding illustration.[xxii] Three or four further works appeared between 1848 and 1855, all of a religious nature, and all but one in collaboration with other Torquay booksellers. A small booklet of 24 pages was An appeal to my fellow townsmen in Torquay: and through them to the people of Devonshire and of the three kingdoms, on behalf of the Rev. James Shore, M.A., of Sydney Sussex College, Cambridge, and Minister of the chapel of H.G. the Duke of Somerset, at Bridgetown, Totnes, now imprisoned for costs in St. Thomas's Ward, Exeter, at the suit of the registrar of the Right Rev. The Lord Bishop of Exeter by Culling E. Eardley. This was published in Torquay and sold by Elliott, Cockrem, Croyden, and Wreyford; London: Partridge and Oakey. 1849.

In 1855 Brief sketches of the early history, conversion, and closing period of the life of Mary, second daughter of the Hon. John Grey. Communicated in three letters to a nephew by Rev Harry Grey was published in London by Wertheim and Macintosh, in Winchester by Jacobs & Johnson in Exeter by Roberts & Holden and in Torquay by Elliott, Cockrem, & Matthews.

Another interesting case of collaboration was that of the Rev. William Maskell of St Marychurch. The parishioners became quite agitated that the said Reverend was preaching “doctrines differing little from those of the Church of Rome”.  A great amount of correspondence took place between George Atkinson, Sir C Eardley, the Archbishop of Canterbury, William Tozer (secretary of the local committee), and the Rev. Maskell. Much of this was printed subsequent to meetings to determine whether the parishioners were prepared to split away from the Established Church and found a new (free) church. Some papers relative to the state of the parish of St. Mary Church, near Torquay, Devon. Published by Sir C.E. Eardley. Including correspondence with the Bishop of Exeter. Third edition .. The resolutions of a meeting of "Protestant heads of families," and correspondence with W. Maskell. - 3rd edition, including the resolutions of a meeting of "Protestant heads of families" and a correspondence with the Rev. W. Maskell. Torquay: Printed by Edward Cockrem. 1850. Torquay: Sold by Cockrem, Elliott and Wreford; St Marychurch: Mr Tozer, Butcher.

A great believer in the free church and free belief he supported many who felt that the Anglican church was not sufficiently separated from the Catholic church. Sir Culling and Lady Eardley were occasional Torquay visitors occupying Hillsborough House on Braddon´s Hill (1846). From 1850 to 1853, Sir Eardley sponsored, and gave financial support, to the construction of an evangelical church at Furrough Cross, Babbacombe[xxiii], in defiance of the Bishop of Exeter, who comes out extremely badly in all this as he supported Maskell, even making him his domestic chaplain. 

The church did not have an easy start and the Reverend Hugh Kelly (ex-Free Church Minister) was convicted for an alleged assault on his maid. The parishioners and many of the leading Torquay citizens were outraged and once again there were letters to and fro including A Letter to the Right Hon. Spencer Horatio Walpole, M.P., … in Reference to the Case of the Rev. Hugh Kelly, … Who was convicted of an alleged Assault at the Torquay Petty Sessions, June the 7th, 1852. This was published for George Atkinson by W Elliott, and sold by all booksellers at One Shilling.

The second print of the Durnford Sisters which appeared in Charles Ellis´ History of Torquay (1930) apparently shows the two ladies outside Elliott´s Library (Fig. 7). Certainly, the library would have been a significant site in the 1840s, vying with Cockrem´s reading rooms and Croydon´s Royal Library. However, the view might be stylised rather than accurate, but could be depicting the shop at 1 Vaughan Parade.

Fig. 7: The Alphingon Ponies in front of Elliott´s Library.

The Durnford Sisters have not quite disappeared from Torquay altogether. According to Kevin Dixon[xxiv] their walk is often replicated.

Chapter I. Edward Cockrem: his life and publishing output

Chapter II. The Alphington Ponies: the Durnford Sisters

Chapter III. The Strand Torquay: the main thoroughfare in the mid-1800s

Appendix I. Cockrem´s published works 1829 – 1873

Appendix II. Croydon´s prints, 1817 - 1860

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[i] The Teignmouth, Dawlish, and Torquay Guide; Edward Croydon; Teignmouth; 1830. The title page is undated but when sold in publisher´s printed boards there was a date on the spine.

[ii] His Royal Highness Prince William Henry, Duke of Clarence visited Torbay in 1828. He was crowned William IV on 26^th June 1830. Croydon dedicated his Teignmouth Guide to him.

[iii] In reality, apart from three of the four fold-out panorama views, the views show houses belonging to the gentry. Affluent visitors could often arrange visits.

[iv] Usually hand-coloured, by D Havell, T Shury, and J C Stadler, after drawings by W B Noble (JVSC S.64). Originally issued in three parts between 1817 and 1818, there was a second edition (1821) but further printings in 1819 and 1823 have been reported; only the first issue (and an edition of 1819, see Croydon 1) included the map.

[v]  Interestingly a Miss Croydon took over the Circulating Library previously owned by Jane Gore in Dawlish about 1830. In 1930 a Mr S A Croydon was managing director of The Teignmouth Printing and Publishing Co. Ltd in Station Road, Teignmouth: Kelly's Directory.

[vi]  The following address gives a listing of private libraries: http://www.r-alston.co.uk/england.htm.

[vii] See Somers Cocks: S.64, S.65, S.76, S.95, S.117. There were also single prints of Dawlish and Teignmouth: in 1825: 635; 1827: 2883, 2884; c.1835: 2835, 2892, 2920; c.1845-6: 2856, 2857, 2908, 2926A; c.1848: 2928, 2930; c.1850: 2822, 2859. Also 219 Bishopsteignton Lodge, c.1822; 3021, Ansty's Cove, and Bishopstow, Torquay (1855?).

[viii] Maxted.

[ix] This included a frontispiece of Templecombe Church Drawn on by L Mucklestone (Louisa Mucklestone). Copy at Bl.

[x] Kelly's Post Office Directory of Somerset with Devonshire and Bristol.

[xi] Maxted.

[xii] Billings (1857; Pp. 191 and 535) has Edward Croydon, printer, stationer, bookseller, engraver, and Magistrate's clerk, circulating library and Berlin fancy repository at Regent Street, Teignmouth as well as Edward Croydon, printer, book and music seller, and stationer; Berlin repository, Royal Library and Reading Room at 2, Victoria Parade, Torquay. Both are listed in Kelly (1866) but Edward senior is now only stationer, bookseller and music seller.

[xiii]  Mackenzie p. 258.

[xiv] See Somers Cocks entries S.76 and S.92.

[xv] His full name is given in an announcement to savers with the West of England and South Wales District Bank placed in The Welshman, 24th February 1865. He is given as Hairdresser.

[xvi] Full title: both Hunt & Co.´s Directory & Topography for the cities of Exeter and Bristol. London; E Hunt & Co., 1848.

[xvii] Exeter Working papers: Devon Book Trades: Torquay. Ardley, D.  Views of Torquay. D. Ardley, [1870]. Contents: 12 steel engraved vignettes. Copy at Devon Heritage Centre: sB/TOR 7/1870/VIE.

[xviii] See https://etched-on-devons-memory.blogspot.com/2017/03/drives-in-and-about-torquay-by-h.html for a complete overview of Miss Armytage´s scrapbooks.

[xix] For an overview of these albums of views visit my blogspot, which illustrates a number of sets issued about this time.

[xx] Somers Cocks S.153. Copy also sold at Bonhams March 2016. Views: Tor Church; Torbay, from Tor Abbey Ruins; Torquay, from Waldron Hill; Torquay, from Park Hill; Torquay from the Summit of Park Hill; Babbicombe, from Petit Tor.

[xxi] A Besley guide of 1869 has an advert for L Seeley.

[xxii] Two known copies: Devon Heritage Centre (p725.18/BER/HIS) and National Trust libraries.

[xxiii] See, for example, http://furroughcross.org/index.html.

[xxiv] https://wearesouthdevon.com/the-alphington-ponies-in-torquay/. The photograph is taken from the website. All other images are among my collection.